低溫電池的(de)(de)充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)測試一般采用恒流-恒壓充(chong)(chong)電(dian)、恒流放電(dian)模式，記錄(lu)該(gai)(gai)過程(cheng)中(zhong)的(de)(de)測試時間、電(dian)壓和電(dian)流等(deng)(deng)數據，通過分析該(gai)(gai)過程(cheng)中(zhong)數據的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)(hua)來表征電(dian)池(chi)或材料的(de)(de)容量、庫侖(lun)效率、充(chong)(chong)放電(dian)平(ping)臺以及電(dian)池(chi)內部參(can)數變(bian)化(hua)(hua)等(deng)(deng)電(dian)化(hua)(hua)學性能參(can)數。

1. 充放電測試常規實驗流程

將測(ce)試電(dian)池安裝在(zai)測(ce)試儀器上，置(zhi)于(25±1)℃ 測(ce)試環境中。設置(zhi)以(yi)(yi)下程序：靜置(zhi)10 min;以(yi)(yi)1.0 C電(dian)流(liu)恒(heng)流(liu)充(chong)電(dian)至4.2 V，然后恒(heng)壓充(chong)電(dian)至電(dian)流(liu)下降(jiang)至0.05 C，充(chong)電(dian)停止(zhi);靜置(zhi)5 min;然后以(yi)(yi)1.0 C 電(dian)流(liu)恒(heng) 流(liu)放(fang)電(dian)至3.0 V;重復上述充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)步驟5～10次(ci)。

上(shang)述(shu)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)參(can)(can)數(shu)為(wei)常(chang)規全電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)參(can)(can)數(shu)，一般正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)/金(jin)屬鋰(li)(li)(li)扣(kou)(kou)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)3.0～4.3 V，負(fu)極(ji) 材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)/金(jin)屬鋰(li)(li)(li)扣(kou)(kou)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)0.005～1.0 V，特殊高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(如高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)鈷(gu)酸鋰(li)(li)(li)、尖晶石鎳錳酸 鋰(li)(li)(li)、富(fu)鋰(li)(li)(li)錳基(ji)層狀氧(yang)化物等(deng)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao))或(huo)其(qi)(qi)它正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(如磷酸鐵鋰(li)(li)(li)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao))可依(yi)據電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)特性和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液、固態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質耐受氧(yang)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)進(jin)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)調整，其(qi)(qi)它參(can)(can)數(shu)不(bu)變。負(fu)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)/金(jin)屬鋰(li)(li)(li)扣(kou)(kou)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)以及無鋰(li)(li)(li)正(zheng)(zheng)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)(如 MnO2 等(deng))/金(jin)屬鋰(li)(li)(li)扣(kou)(kou)式(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)時(shi)首先放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)至最低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)窗口，然后進(jin)行充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。需要(yao)注意的(de)(de)是，目前(qian)在(zai)許多文(wen)(wen)章中(zhong)的(de)(de)負(fu)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei) 0.005～3.0 V，而在(zai)全電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)過程中(zhong)，一般能(neng)夠采(cai)用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)對應于負(fu)極(ji)半(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)實際上(shang)不(bu)超過1.0 V，例如對于石墨或(huo)者(zhe)硅基(ji)負(fu)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，可用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)0.005～0.8 V，對于鈦酸鋰(li)(li)(li)這(zhe)(zhe)種(zhong)負(fu)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，可用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)為(wei)1.2～1.9 V。因此對于某些文(wen)(wen)章中(zhong)在(zai)寬電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)內獲得(de)的(de)(de)高(gao)容量和(he)高(gao)首次庫(ku)侖效率，其(qi)(qi)在(zai)全電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)中(zhong)并(bing)不(bu)能(neng)發揮(hui)出(chu)來(lai)，實際意義(yi)并(bing)不(bu)大。針對軟(ruan)碳或(huo)硬碳負(fu)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，或(huo)者(zhe)目前(qian)正(zheng)(zheng)在(zai)開發的(de)(de)復(fu)合金(jin)屬鋰(li)(li)(li)負(fu)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)，放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)截止電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)可以更低，如 0 mV甚至50 mV，具體情況需要(yao)具體分析。建(jian)議多數(shu)負(fu)極(ji)材(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)半(ban)(ban)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)在(zai)0.005～1.0 V，超過這(zhe)(zhe)個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)范(fan)圍(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)，在(zai)結果的(de)(de)陳述(shu)及應用(yong)前(qian)景的(de)(de)描(miao)述(shu)上(shang)需要(yao)特別聲明(ming)，以免夸大結果。

測試(shi)電池材料實際容量的(de)時候，盡量使(shi)用小(xiao)倍率(lv)進(jin)行充放電，以減小(xiao)極(ji)化產(chan)生的(de)容量誤(wu)差(cha)，得到電池的(de)真實容量，一般選(xuan)擇(ze) 0.1 C 的(de)倍率(lv)進(jin)行測試(shi)。

操(cao)(cao)作人員在測(ce)試(shi)儀器(qi)上裝卸扣(kou)式電(dian)池時需(xu)佩(pei)戴絕(jue)緣手套及口罩和(he)防(fang)護眼鏡;由(you)于(yu)測(ce)試(shi)通道(dao)較多，需(xu)對測(ce)試(shi)電(dian)池、測(ce)試(shi)通道(dao)進行(xing)特殊標(biao)記，并在相關儀器(qi)前(qian)貼醒目標(biao)簽注釋以防(fang)他人誤操(cao)(cao)作。

2. 倍率充放電測試常規實驗流程

倍(bei)率(lv)(lv)充(chong)放電測試(shi)一般(ban)分為3 種形(xing)式，相(xiang)同(tong)倍(bei)率(lv)(lv)充(chong)電不(bu)同(tong)倍(bei)率(lv)(lv)放電、不(bu)同(tong)倍(bei)率(lv)(lv)充(chong)電相(xiang)同(tong)倍(bei)率(lv)(lv)放電和不(bu)同(tong)的倍(bei)率(lv)(lv)充(chong)放電測試(shi)。下面以(yi)充(chong)放電電壓窗口為3.0～4.2 V 的扣式電池測試(shi)為例進行(xing)介紹。

電(dian)池連(lian)接測試(shi)儀器并置于穩態(tai)環境中，靜置5 min;以0.5 C 電(dian)流放電(dian)至3.0 V，靜置10 min 后以0.5 C 恒流充電(dian)至4.2 V，在4.2 V 恒壓至電(dian)流下(xia)降為0.05 C 截止(zhi)，然(ran)后以不同形式(shi)進行倍率(lv)充放電(dian)測試(shi)。

相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)倍率(lv)(lv)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)倍率(lv)(lv)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)流(liu)(liu)程為(wei)(wei)：靜置(zhi)5 min 后(hou)以不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)倍率(lv)(lv)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)3.0 V，并記錄(lu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)，靜置(zhi)10 min 后(hou)以0.5 C 恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)4.2 V，在4.2 V 恒壓至(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下降為(wei)(wei)0.05 C 截止。不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)倍率(lv)(lv)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)相同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)倍率(lv)(lv)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)實(shi)驗(yan)(yan)流(liu)(liu)程為(wei)(wei)：靜置(zhi)5 min 后(hou)，以0.5 C 倍率(lv)(lv)恒流(liu)(liu)放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)3.0 V，靜置(zhi)10 分鐘(zhong)，然后(hou)以不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)倍率(lv)(lv)恒流(liu)(liu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)至(zhi)4.2 V，在4.2 V恒壓至(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)下降為(wei)(wei)0.05 C 截止。

不(bu)同(tong)的(de)倍率(lv)充放電的(de)實(shi)驗流(liu)(liu)程為(wei)：靜(jing)置5 min后，以不(bu)同(tong)的(de)倍率(lv)恒流(liu)(liu)放電至3.0 V，靜(jing)置10 min，然后以相(xiang)同(tong)的(de)倍率(lv)(電流(liu)(liu))進(jin)行恒流(liu)(liu)充電至4.2 V，在4.2 V 恒壓至電流(liu)(liu)下(xia)降(jiang)為(wei)0.05 C 截止。

根據測(ce)試(shi)形式，改變不同的(de)倍率(lv)重復(fu)上述某(mou)個實驗流程，充放電(dian)倍率(lv)由(you)低到高(一般為0.2 C、0.5 C、1 C、2 C 以及(ji)5 C 等更高倍率(lv))。建議相同倍率(lv)充放電(dian)循環5～10 次。

3. 充放電循環測試常規實驗流程

在對電(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)性進行測試時(shi)(shi)，可在上(shang)述充放(fang)電(dian)測試(1節內容)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)，增(zeng)加循(xun)(xun)環(huan)次數(shu)，對比(bi)相同(tong)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)次數(shu)后的(de)(de)(de)容量保持率。或重復充放(fang)電(dian)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)，當(dang)放(fang)電(dian)容量連續兩次低于(yu)初始放(fang)電(dian)容量的(de)(de)(de)80%時(shi)(shi)，確(que)定(ding)此(ci)時(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)循(xun)(xun)環(huan)周數(shu)。